The relationship between farmers’ quality of life and their leadership competencies
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37433/aad.v2i2.105Keywords:
farmers' quality of life, farmers self-leadership competencies, farmers’ ability to lead others competenciesAbstract
This quantitative study sought to explore Pennsylvania farmers’ perceptions of their quality of life during their busiest farm season and its relationship with farmers’ self-leadership and ability to lead others’ competencies. The convenience, unrestricted, self-selecting, and chain-referral sampling approaches were used to collect online data. The final data set included responses from 59 farmers. The overall mean score for self-leadership competencies was 3.93 (SD = .48), ability to lead others’ competencies was 3.96 (SD = .50), and farmers’ quality of life was 3.49 (SD = .69). A significant positive association found between farmers’ quality of life and self-leadership competencies (r = .64 p = .001), and ability to lead others’ competencies (r = .24 p = .013). Approximately 43 % of the variance in overall farmers’ quality of life was explained by farmers’ self-leadership and ability to lead others’ competencies. Extension practitioners should develop a leadership program for farmers that will address the following areas: farmers’ work-life balance during busy season and difficult conversations with farm employees.
Downloads
References
Angelo, E. (2019). Managing interpersonal conflict: Steps for success. Nursing Management, 50(6), 22–28. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NUMA.0000558479.54449.ed
Arnold, R., Ranchor, A. V., Koeter, G. H., de Jongste, M. J. L., Wempe, J. B., ten Hacken, N. H. T., Otten, V., & Sanderman, R. (2006). Changes in personal control as a predictor of quality of life after pulmonary rehabilitation. Patient Education and Counseling, 61(1), 99–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2005.02.015
Avolio, B. J. (1999). Full leadership development: Building the vital forces in organizations. Sage
Avolio, B. J., Chan, A., Chan, N., Galanhxi-Janaqi, H., Gitlitz, J., Hannah, S., & Zhu, W. (2005). 100-year review of leadership intervention research: Briefings report 2004-01, Gallup Leadership Institute. Leadership Review, 5, 7-13.
Bartoces, M. G., Severson, R. K., Rusin, B. A., Schwartz, K. L., Ruterbusch, J. J., & Neale, A. V. (2009). Quality of life and self-esteem of long-term survivors of invasive and noninvasive cervical cancer. Journal of ’Women’s Health, 18(5), 655–661. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2008.0959
Bass, B. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectations. Free Press. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410617095
Bass, B. (1990). From transactional to transformational leadership: Learning to share the vision. Organizational Dynamics, 18, 19–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/0090-2616(90)90061-S
Bass, B. M., & Riggio, R. E. (2006). Transformational leadership (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Benge, M., Harder, A., & Carter, H. (2011). Necessary pre-entry competencies as perceived by Florida Extension agents. Journal of Extension, 49(5). https://www.joe.org/joe/2011october/a2.php
Betta, M., Jones, R., & Latham, J. (2010). Entrepreneurship and the innovative self: A Schumpeterian reflection. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 16(3), 229–244. https://doi.org/10.1108/13552551011042807
Bogue, P., & Phelan, J. (2005). Exploring the quality of life of farm families in Ireland: Implications for Extension. Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education, 12(3), 79–90. https://doi.org/10.5191/jiaee.2005.12307
Bradley, G. L., & Campbell, A. C. (2016). Managing difficult workplace conversations: Goals, strategies, and outcomes. International Journal of Business Communication, 53(4), 443–464. https://doi.org/10.1177/2329488414525468
Bruce, J. A., & Anderson, J. (2012). Perceptions of the training needs of the newest members of the Extension family. Journal of Extension, 50(6). https://www.joe.org/joe/2012december/pdf/JOE_v50_6rb5.pdf
Campbell, A., Converse, P. E., & Rodger, W. L. (1976). The quality of American life: Perceptions, evaluations, and satisfactions. Russell Sage Foundation.
Chemers, M. M., Watson, C. B., & May, S. T. (2000). Dispositional affect and leadership effectiveness: A comparison of self-esteem, optimism, and efficacy. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26(3), 267–277. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167200265001
Clark, A. E. (2010). Work, jobs, and well-being across the millennium. In E. Diener, J. F. Helliwell, & D. Kahneman (Eds.), International differences in well-being (pp. 436–468). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199732739.003.0014
Conklin, N. L., Hook, L. L., Kelbaugh, B. J., & Nieto, R. D. (2002). Examining a professional development system: A comprehensive needs assessment approach. Journal of Extension, 40(5), 1–9. https://www.joe.org/joe/2002october/a1.php
Cooper, A. W., & Graham, D. L. (2001). Competencies needed to be successful county agents and county supervisors. Journal of Extension, 39(1), 1–11. https://www.joe.org/joe/2001february/rb3.php
Corrigan, P. W., Lickey, S. E., Campion, J., & Rashid, F. (2000). Mental health team leadership and ”consumers’ satisfaction and quality of life. Psychiatric Services, 51(6), 781–785. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.51.6.781
Coughenour, C. M., & Swanson, L. E. (1988). Rewards, values, and satisfaction with farm work. Rural Sociology, 53(4), 442–459.
Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16(3), 297–334. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02310555
Davis, J. A. (1971). Elementary survey analysis. Prentice-Hall.
Day, D. V. (2000). Leadership development: A review in context. The Leadership Quarterly, 11(4), 581–613. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1048-9843(00)00061-8
Day, D. V., & Dragoni, L. (2015). Leadership development: An outcome-oriented review based on time and levels of analyses. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 2, 133–156. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032414-111328
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self‐determination in human behavior. Plenum. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2271-7
DiLiello, T. C., & Houghton, J. D. (2006). Maximizing organizational leadership capacity for the future: Toward a model of self‐leadership, innovation and creativity. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 21(4), 319–337. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940610663114
Dillman, D. A., & Tremblay Jr, K. R. (1977). The quality of life in rural America. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 429(1), 115-129. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F000271627742900111
Evans, L. S., Hicks, C. C., Cohen, P. J., Case, P., Prideaux, M., & Mills, D. J. (2015). Understanding leadership in the environmental sciences. Ecology and Society, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.5751/es-07268-200150
Fleishman, E. A. (1953). Leadership climate, human relations training, and supervisory behavior. Personnel Psychology, 6(2), 205–222. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1953.tb01040.x
Friedman, L. C., Kalidis, M., Elledge, R., Chang, J., Romero, C., Husain, I., Dulay, M. F., & Liscum, K. R. (2006). Optimism, social support and psychosocial functioning among women with breast cancer. Psycho-Oncology, 15(7), 595–603. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.992
Fricker, R. D. (2008). Sampling methods for web and email surveys. In N. Fielding, M.L. Raymond, & G. Blank (Ed.), The Sage handbook of online research methods (pp. 195-216). Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9780857020055.n11
Fullan, M. (2001). Leading in a culture of change. Jossey-Bass.
Gaur, D. (2019). Self-leadership and interpersonal competences of future aspiring professionals in the Arab Middle East: Reference to FIRO-B. Management Science Letters, 9(2019), 2021–2028. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2019.7.004
Gerstner, C. R., & Day, D. V. (1997). Meta‐analytic review of leader‐member exchange theory: Correlates and construct issues. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(6), 827-744. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.82.6.827
Gibson, J. L., Ivancevich, J. M., Donnelly, J. H., & Konopaske, R. (2002). Organizations behavior, structure, processes (12th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
Goleman, D. (2004). What makes a leader? Harvard Business Review, 82(1), 82–91. https://hbr.org/2004/01/what-makes-a-leader
Graen, G. B., & Uhl‐Bien, M. (1995). Relationship‐based approach to leadership: Development of leader‐member‐exchange (LMX) theory of leadership over 25 years: Applying a multi‐level multi‐do‐main perspective. Leadership Quarterly, 6(2), 219–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/1048-9843(95)90036-5
Greenhaus, J. H., Collins, K. M., & Shaw, J. D. (2003). The relation between work-family balance and quality of life. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 63(3), 510–531. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-8791(02)00042-8
Han, K. S., Lee, P. S., Lee, S. J., & Park, E. S. (2004). Factors influencing quality of life in people with chronic illness in Korea. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 35(2), 139–144. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.2003.00139.x
Harder, A., & Narine, L. K. (2019). Interpersonal leadership competencies of extension agents in Florida. Journal of Agricultural Education, 60(1), 224-233. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2019.01224
Hagevoort, G. R., Douphrate, D. I., & Reynolds, S. J. (2013). A review of health and safety leadership and managerial practices on modern dairy farms. Journal of Agromedicine, 18(3), 265–273. https://doi.org/10.1080/1059924X.2013.796905
Hayes, J. (2002). The theory and practice of change management. Palgrave Macmillan.
Haynes, B. R. (2000). Management skills of county Extension administrators: Are they sufficient to do the job? Journal of Extension, 38(2). https://www.joe.org/joe/2000april/rb2.php
Herrera, B., Gerster-Bentaya, M., & Knierim, A. (2018, July 28 – August 2). Farm-level factors influencing farmers satisfaction with their work [Paper Presentation]. 30th International Conference of Agricultural Economists, Vancouver, Canada. https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/277024/files/641.pdf.
Hofmann, D., & Morgeson, F. (1999). Safety-related behavior as a social exchange: The role of perceived organizational support and leader-member exchange. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84, 286–296. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.84.2.286
Hollenback, G. P., McCall, M. W., & Silzer, R. F. (2006). Leadership competency models. The Leadership Quarterly, 17(4), 398–413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2006.04.003
Howard, W. H., & McEwan, K. A. (1989). Human resource management: A review with applications to agriculture. Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 37(4), 733. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7976.1989.tb00790.x
Huang, H. Y., Tsai, W. C., Chou, W. Y., Hung, Y. C., Liu, L. C., Huang, K. F., Wang, W. C., Leung, K. W., Hsieh, R. K., & Kung, P. T. (2017). Quality of life of breast and cervical cancer survivors. BMC women’s health, 17(1), Article 30. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-017-0387-x
Hughes O. E. (2007). Leadership in a managerial context. In: R. Koch & J. Dixon (Eds.), Public Governance and Leadership. 319-340. Deutscher Universitäts-Verlag. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8350-9100-9_15
Judge, T., & Bono, J. (2000). Five-factor model of personality and transformational leadership. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(5), 751–765. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.85.5.751
Karimi, M., & Brazier, J. (2016). Health, health-related quality of life, and quality of life: What is the difference? PharmacoEconomics, 34(7), 645–649. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40273-016-0389-9
Kellerman, B. (2004). Bad leadership. Harvard Business School Press
Kelloway E., Mullen, J., & Francis, L. (2006). Divergent effects of transformational and passive leadership on employee safety. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 11(1), 76–86. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.11.1.76
Kelloway, E., Sivanathan, N., Francis, L., & Barling, J. (2005). Poor leadership. In J. Barling, E. Kelloway, & M. Frone (Eds.), Handbook of workplace stress (pp. 89–112). Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412976947
Khoshhal, K. I., & Guraya, S. Y. (2016). Leaders produce leaders and managers produce followers. A systematic review of the desired competencies and standard settings for physicians’ leadership. Saudi Medical Journal, 37(10), 1061–1067. https://doi.org/10.15537/smj.2016.10.15620
Kleih, S. C., & Kübler, A. (2014). Psychological perspectives: Quality of life and motivation. In Grubler, G., & Hildt, E. (Eds.) Brain-computer-interfaces in their ethical, social and cultural contexts (pp. 77–84). Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8996-7_6
Kong, F. Z., Zhao, L., Zhang, X. B., Tsai, C. H., & Lin, D. D. (2019). ”Farmers’ work-life quality and entrepreneurship will in China. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, Article 787. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00787
Lee, P. S. N., Leung, L., Lo, V., Xiong, C., & Wu, T. (2011). Internet communication versus face-to-face interaction in quality of life. Social Indicators Research, 100, 375–389. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-010-9618-3
Likert, R. (1961). New patterns of management. McGraw-Hill.
Lindner, J. R., Murphy, T. H., & Briers, G. E. (2001). Handling non-response in social science research. Journal of Agricultural Education, 42(4), 43–53. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2001.04043
Macdonald, J. M. (2020). Tracking the consolidation of US agriculture. Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy, 42(3), 361–379. https://doi.org/10.1002/aepp.13056
McClelland, D. C. (1973). Testing for competence rather than intelligence. American Psychologist, 28(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0034092
Manz, C. C., & Sims, H. P. (1980). Self-management as a substitute for leadership: A social learning theory perspective. Academy of Management Review, 5(3), 361 -367. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1980.4288845
Manz, C. C., & Sims, H. P. (2001). The new superleadership: Leading others to lead themselves, Berrett-Koehler Publishers.
Matzler, K., Bauer, F. A., & Mooradian, T. A. (2015). Self-esteem and transformational leadership. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 30(7), 815–831. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-01-2013-0030
Middleton, J., Tran, Y., & Craig, A. (2007). Relationship between quality of life and self-efficacy in persons with spinal cord injuries. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 88(12), 1643–1648. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2007.09.001
Miller, L. E., & Smith K. L. (1983). Handling non-response issues. Journal of Extension, 21(5), 45–50. https://archives.joe.org/joe/1983september/83-5-a7.pdf
Meeting Professionals International (MPI). (2012). Meeting and business event competency standards curriculum guide. MBECS.
Molnar, J. J. (1985). Determinants of subjective well-being among farm operators: Characteristics of the individual and the firm. Rural Sociology, 50(2), 141–162.
Mugera, A. W., & Bitsch, V. (2005). Managing labor on dairy farms: A resource-based perspective with evidence from case studies. International Food and Agribusiness Management Review, 8(3), 79–98.
Mumford, T. V., Campion, M. A., & Morgeson, F. P. (2007). The leadership skills strataplex: Leadership skill requirements across organizational levels. The Leadership Quarterly, 18(2), 154–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2007.01.005
Nanus, B. (1992). Visionary leadership: Creating a compelling sense of direction for your organization. Jossey-Bass.
Neck, C. P., & Houghton, J. D. (2006). Two decades of self‐leadership theory and research: Past developments, present trends, and future possibilities. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 21(4). https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940610663097
Neck, C. P., & Manz, C. C. (2010). Mastering self-leadership: Empowering yourself for personal excellence (5th ed.). Prentice Hall.
Nitsch, U. U. (1987). A persistent culture: Some reflections on Swedish family farming. In B. Galeski & E. Wilkening (Eds.), Family farming in Europe and America (pp. 95–115). Westview Press. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429043499-5
Noll, H. H. (2002). Towards a European system of social indicators: Theoretical framework and system architecture. Social Indicators Research, 58(1/3), 47–87. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1015775631413
Ong, L., Cribbie, R., Harris, L., Dorian, P., Newman, D., Mangat, I., Nolan, R., & Irvine, J. (2006). Psychological correlates of quality of life in atrial fibrillation. Quality of Life Research, 15, 1323–1333. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-006-0029-5
Overton, A. R., & Lowry, A. C. (2013). Conflict management: Difficult conversations with difficult people. Clinics in Colon and Rectal Surgery, 26(4), 259–264. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0033-1356728
Parry, J., Barnes, H., Lindsey, R., & Taylor, R. (2005). Farmers, farm workers, and work-related stress (Research Report 362). Department for Work and Pensions, Health & Safety Executive. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/207675/1/Farmers%252C_farm_workers_and_work_related_stress.pdf
Paxson, M., Howell, R. E., Michael, J. A., & Wong, S. K. (1993). Leadership development in Extension. Journal of Extension, 31(1). https://www.joe.org/joe/1993spring/rb2.php
Penrod, J., Preston, D. B., Cain, R. E., & Starks, M. T. (2003). A discussion of chain referral as a method of sampling hard-to-reach populations. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 14(2), 100–107. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1043659602250614
Pretty, J. (1995). Participatory learning for sustainable agriculture. World Development, 23, 1247–1263. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(95)00046-F
Rejeski, W. J., & Mihalko, S. L. (2001). Physical activity and quality of life in older adults. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 56(suppl_2), 23–35. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/56.suppl_2.23
Sears, S. F., Serber, E. R., Lewis, T. S., Walker, R. L., Conners, N., Lee, J. T., Curtis, A. B., & Conti, J. B. (2004). Do positive health expectations and optimism relate to quality-of-life outcomes for the patient with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator? Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation, 24(5), 324–331. https://doi.org/10.1097/00008483-200409000-00008
Shye, S. (2010). The motivation to volunteer: A systemic quality of life theory. Social Indicators Research, 98(2), 183–200. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-009-9545-3
Stedman, N. L., & Rudd, R. (2006). Leadership styles and volunteer administration competence: Perceptions of 4-H county faculty in the United States. Journal of Extension, 44(1). https://www.joe.org/joe/2006february/rb6.php
Stogdill, R. M. (1974). Handbook of leadership: A survey of theory and research. Free Press.
Stogdill, R. M., & Coons, A. E. (Eds.). (1957). Leader behavior: Its description and measurement. Ohio State University, Bureau of Business Research.
Suratno, K., Ariyanti, S., & Kusrini S, K. (2018). The Relationship between transformational leadership and quality of nursing work life in hospital. International Journal of Caring Sciences, 11(3), 1416–1422. http://www.internationaljournalofcaringsciences.org/docs/9_kalukuSuratno_original_11_3.pdf
Thompson, J., & Gomez, R. (2014). The role of self-esteem and self-efficacy in moderating the effect of workplace stress on depression, anxiety and stress. Australasian Journal of Organizational Psychology, 7(e2), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1017/orp.2014.2
Uhl-Bien, M. (2003). Relationship development as a key ingredient for leadership development. In S. E. Murphy & R. E. Riggio (Eds.), The future of leadership development (pp. 129−147). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Ulvenblad, P., & Cederholm Björklund, J. (2018). A leadership development programme for agricultural entrepreneurs in Sweden. The Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension, 24(4), 327–343. https://doi.org/10.1080/1389224x.2018.1473260
United States Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Statistics Service [USDA NASS]. (2017). 2017 Census of Agriculture – United States data: Table 1. Historical highlights: 2017 and earlier census years [Data Set]. https://www.nass.usda.gov
Van Velsor, E., McCauley, C. D., & Ruderman, M. N. (2010). The Center for Creative Leadership handbook of leadership development (3rd ed.). Jossey-Bass.
Whoqol Group. (1995). The World Health Organization quality of life assessment (WHOQOL): Position paper from the World Health Organization. Social Science & Medicine, 41(10), 1403–1409. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(95)00112-K
Windon, S. R., Jepsen, S. D., & Scheer, S. D. (2016). Examining the quality of life of farmers with disabilities: The Ohio AgrAbility Study. Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health, 22(1), 3-13. https://doi.org/10.13031/jash.22.10929
World Health Organization. (1997). WHOQOL: Measuring quality of life.https://www.who.int/mental_health/media/68.pdf
Young, R. D. (2008). Quality of life indicator systems–Definitions, methodologies, uses, and public policy decision making. [White Paper]. http://www.ipspr.sc.edu/publication/Quality%20of%20Life.pdf
Yun, Y. H., Sim, J. A., Jung, J. Y., Noh, D., Lee, E. S., Kim, Y. W., Oh, J. H., Ro, J. S., Park, S. Y., Park, S. J., Cho, K. H., Chang, Y. J., Bae, Y. M., Kim, S. Y., Jung, K. H., Zo, Z. I., Lim, J., & Lee, S. N. (2014). The association of self-leadership, health behaviors, and posttraumatic growth with health-related quality of life in patients with cancer. Psycho-Oncology, 23(12), 1423–1430. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.3582
